Kingdom
Monera
-
prokaryotic
|
|
Archaebacteria
|
Eubacteria
|
|
|
CHARACTERISTICS
|
Extreme
temps
|
|
|
|
CELL
WALL
|
Present
without peptidoglycan
|
Present
with peptidoglycan
|
|
|
EXAMPLES
|
Halobacterium
|
- looks like a
violet big round circle
-
causes salmonella
-
tells coliform bacteria and count in water
----- non c. gram
negative specimens: both are opportunistic
-
small beadlike but are in clumps
-
Gram Negative photosynthetic bacteria
-
Cells may be: coccoid- single or colonial;
trichomate
1. Anabaena ( straight form in lumps vs.
nostoc)
- squarish with
roundish type with heterocysts
2. Nostoc
-
filamentous with prominent heterocyst
-
parang walang laman ang mga circles vs.
anabaena
3. Oscillatoria
-
cylindrical strip like ang form with linear
division hindi circular
|
|
FUNGI
-
achlorophyllous
-
heterothropic, absorptive feeder
-
classified into: protest fungi and true fungi
-
no true stems, roots or leaves
|
|
Cellulose cell wall
|
||||
|
Division Myxomycota
|
D.
Acrasiomycota
|
Oomycota
|
Chytridiomycota
|
|
|
-
plasmodial slime molds
-
obligate parasites in plants and algae
-
somatic phase: PLASMODIUM that moves in
amoeboid manner
-
mature plasmodia form fruiting bodies
|
-
cellular slime molds
-
no plasmodial mass
-
amoeboid form may exist and pool up to make
a fruiting body
|
-
water molds
-
biflagellated zoospores
|
-
zoospore stage with whiplash flagellum
-
only protist fungi with cell wall of chitin
-
may form hyphae at some point in life cycle
|
|
|
Repro
|
Oogamous sexual,
nonmotile egg
|
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|
Cell wall
|
Cellulose not
chitin
|
|||
|
Stemonitis- no
sample
|
Dicytyostelium- no
sampLe
|
Saprolegnia
-
either round green with some bits inside –
the oogonia
-
or oogonia with a mycelium attached,
hairlike
|
No sample
|
|
TRUE
FUNGI
|
|
D.
Zygomycota
|
D.
Ascomycota ( 4 tapos 8)
|
D.
Basidiomycota
|
D.
Deuteromycota
|
|
Habitat
|
Terrestrial
saprobes, parasitic to animals, plants and humans
|
Saprobic,
parasitic in plants, animals or humans
|
Saprobic
on plants or insects
|
Imperfect
fungi, no sexual stage
|
|
Body
Morphology
|
|
Unicellular
or filamentous
|
Filamentous
|
|
|
Asexual
|
Nonmotile
spores in sporangia/conidia
|
Budding,
fragmentation, production of conidia- airborne spores (n)
|
Fragmentation
or conidia
|
Imperfect
conidial stage
|
|
Sexual
|
Fusion
of morpholophologically similar gametangia, may differ in size, resulting in
thick walled zygospores
|
Ascoscpores
in ascis – ascogonium and antheridium due to fusion of similar mycelia (
apothecium)
|
Basidiospores
produced by basidia
|
|
|
Fruiting
Body
|
|
Ascocarp
( ascus, asci)
|
Basidiocarps
( basidium, basidia)
|
|
|
|
Rhizopus
Stolonifer, black bread mold
|
Aspergillus
-
green mesh with black bodies
Penicillium
-
black body like a rambutan-LPO
-
wand like with a forked end
Peziza
-
saddle like purple watermelon in half
-
upper hairy projections are the ASCI:
ascospores
- when magnified: 8
spores
|
Agaricus
( bottom mushroom)
Auricularia
( tengang daga)
Polyporus
( poisonous) with xs section-----with how many spores inside the curl (4) –
curl andun ang basidium na club shaped
Ganoderma
( scalloped mushroom)
-
Pileus- cap ng mushroom
-
gills- under the pileus
-
stipe- stem
annulus-ring
in the stipe
Coprinus-
gills, round and tentacles xction
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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ALGAL
LIKE PROTISTS
-
heterogenous group with at last having one
chlorophyll a pigment
characterized
by:
1.
relatively undifferentiated into organs
morphologically
2.
low level of differentiation in reproductive
structures
3.
no embryo
4.
less regular pattern of life cycle
|
|
D.
EUGLENOPHYTA
|
D.
BACILLARIOPHYTA ( DIATOM)
|
D.
PHAEOPHYTA ( BROWN ALGAE)
|
D.
RHODOPHYTA ( RED ALGAE)
|
|
Morphology
|
Unicellular,
flagellated
|
Unicellular
or colonial
|
Multicellular
organisms
Cell
wall: cellulose
-
iodine
-
_______._______
|
Multicellular
Cell
wall: cellulose
-rich
in vit a and c
macrophyphytic
algae: seaweed vs. seagrass
sugar;
glycerols
|
|
Major
pigment
|
A
and b
|
A,
c, fucoxanthin
|
A,
c masked by fucoxanthin
|
A
masked by phycoerythrin
|
|
Photosynthetic
product
|
Paramylon
|
Chrysolaminarin
|
Laminarin
or manitol
|
Rhodophycean
starch
|
|
Example
|
Euglena
|
Diatomaceous
earth
|
PADINA
( clear)
-
flattened expanded thallus with distinct concentric lines
SARGASSUM
( green)
-
flattened leaf structures with dots
TURBINARIA
-
turbinate leafllike structures, yellow
-
think wolfgang puck
-
parang bolt cutter
|
EUCHEUMA
-
lomi
GRACILARIA
-
bihon
GALAXAURA
-
misua
|
|
|
D.
CHLOROPHYTA ( Green algae)
|
|
|
Morphology
|
Motile,
non motile/ single celled or multicellular, chlorphyllous
|
|
|
Major
pigment
|
A
and b
|
|
|
Photosynthetic
product
|
starch
|
|
|
Asexual
reproduction
|
Fragmentation,
zoospore formation, simple mitosis
|
|
|
Sexual
|
Oogamy,
anisogamy, or oogamy
|
|
|
Example
|
BOERGESENIA
-
brown wheel like center with projecting
white tentacle like structures
CAULERPA
-
green grapes
-
thallus consist of distinc stem, root, leaf like structures
CHARA
-
parang giniikan na may intermediate
flowerlike filaments in between
-
xs section: upper conelike is archegonium;
round body is the antheridium
HALIMEDA
-
corn flakes
-
flattened, scalloped thallus
-
either green or white
|
DESMIDS
-
CLOSTERIUM
-
MICRASTERIAS
OEDOGONIUM
SPIROGYRA
|
Seed-bearing
vascular plants
GYMNOSPERMS
-
pines, firs, spruces, cycads
-
well developed cones bearing unprotected
seeds on the surface of the scales
|
|
DIVISION
CYCADOPHYTA
|
CONIFEROPHYTA
|
|
|
Dioecious
|
Monoecious,
mostly shrubs or trees
|
|
|
Palmlike
or fernlike forms
|
Scale
like or needle like, usually evergreen
|
|
|
Strobili
present
|
Male
cones: pollen clones
Female
cones are called ovulate cones
|
|
|
CYCAS
|
PINUS
|
ANGIOSPERMS
-
independent sporophte ranging in size at
maturity from herbs to trees
-
formation of 2ndary xylem ( vessels and
fibers) and phloem from cambial activity
-
large laminar leaves variedly shaped
-
highly modified stem and leaf structures,
esp. flower
-
produces microspores, microspores
-
occurrence of double fertilization
-
formation of seeds inside the fruit
-
seeds containing food reserve tissue called
endosperm
|
|
CLASS
MONOCOTYLEDON/ LILIOPSIDA
|
CLASS
DICOT/MAGNOLIOPSIDA
|
|
EMBRYO
|
undifferentiated
|
|
|
VENATION
|
parallel
venation
|
Net-veined
|
|
VASCULAR
BUNDLE
|
Scattered
or in 2 or more rings
|
Ring
|
|
FLOWER,
except carpels
|
carpels
in 3s or 4s
|
4s
and 5s
|
|
ROOTS
|
adventitious
|
Primary
or adventious
|
|
|
10%
woody, mostly in family palmae
|
50%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DICOTS/
MAGNOLIOPSIDA
|
|
Shrubs
|
Herbs
|
Trees
|
|
Leaf
|
Ovary
|
Fruit
|
Flower
|
||
|
Solitary
|
Inflourescence
|
|
||||||||
|
Malvaceae
(
mallow family)
|
x
|
x
|
|
With
mucilaginous sap
|
Simple,
alternate, stipulate
|
S
|
|
+
|
Cyme,
raceme
|
|
|
Rutaceae
(
citrus or rue)
|
x
|
|
x
|
With
aromatic glands
|
S
|
Hesperidium
|
+
|
Cyme,
rarely raceme
|
|
|
|
Mimosaceae
(
mimosa)
|
x
|
few
|
x
|
Stipulate,
mostly bipinnate
|
S
|
Legume/pod
|
|
Head
(
spike or raceme)
|
Regular,
bisexual
|
|
|
Caesalpiniaceae
(
cassia family)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Stipulate,
usually alternate, pinnate or bipinnately compound
(
rarely simple as alibangbang)
|
S
|
Legume/pod
|
rare
|
Raceme
or spike rare corymb
|
Bisexual,
irregular
(caesalpinaceous)
|
|
|
Papilionaceae
(
pea or bean)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Stipulate,
simple or pinnately compound or
Palmate
Trifoliate;
usually alternate
|
S
|
Legume/pod
|
some
|
Raceme,
head, spike
|
Bisexual,
irregular
(
papilionaceous)
|
|
|
Cucurbitaceae
(
gourd family)
|
|
Tendril
bearing
|
|
|
I
|
pepo
|
Some
members
|
cyme
|
Unisexual
|
|
|
Rubiaceae
(
coffee or madder)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
Simple,
opposite, whorled, stipulate
|
I
|
|
|
cyme
|
Regular,
gamopetalous, bisexual
|
|
|
Compositae/Asteraceae
(
sunflower family)
|
Some
|
X
|
Few
|
U:alternate,
S:
opposite
R:
whorled
|
I
|
Achene,
spefically cypsela
|
|
head
|
|
|
|
Apocynaceae,
dogbane
|
|
|
|
Plants
with milky sap
|
Exstipulate,
Simple,
o or w
|
S
|
Usually
berry or capsule
|
|
|
Complete,
regular
|
|
Solanaceae,
potato or nightshade
|
X
|
X
|
Rare
|
Simple
Alternate
pinnately compound in tomato and potato
|
S
|
|
Some
|
Cyme
|
Bi,
reg, gamopetalous
|
|
|
Anacardiaceae,
cashew
|
X
|
X
|
|
Simple,
pinnately compound, alternate
|
S
|
Drupe
|
|
Panicle
|
Regular
|
|
|
Euphorbiaceae,
spruge
|
X
|
X
|
Small
|
Mostly
simple, alternate,stipulate
|
S
|
Capsule,
sometimes Drupe
|
+
|
H
variable:
R,
s, c,
|
Unisexual,
regular
|
|
|
Lamiaceae,
mint
|
Square
stems
|
Aromatic
|
|
Simple,
opposite, EXstipulate
|
S
|
|
|
Cyme
|
Complete,
irreg bilabiate
|
|
|
Amaranthaceae,
pigweed
|
|
MOST
|
|
SAME
|
S
|
|
+
|
Spike,
r,h
|
Reg,
bisexual
|
|
MONOCOTS
|
|
Shrubs
|
Herbs
|
Trees
|
|
Leaf
|
Ovary
|
Fruit
|
Flower
|
||
|
Solitary
|
Inflourescence
|
|
||||||||
|
Orchidaceae,
orchid
|
|
X
|
|
|
Simple,
aternate, rarely opposite
|
I
|
Capsule
|
Some
|
Variable: s,
r,panicle
|
Bisexual,
irregular, orchidaceous
|
|
Alliaceae/
Liliacea, lily
|
|
With
bulbs, corms, rhizomes
|
|
|
Simple
|
S
|
Capsule
or berry
|
|
|
Regular, bisexual,
rarely unisexual
|
|
Arecaceae/Palmae,
Palm
|
X
|
|
X
|
|
Palmate,
pinnate, usually large
|
S
|
|
|
Panicle, spadix
|
Regular
|
|
Cyperaceae,
sedge
|
|
Triangular,
solid sterms
|
|
|
Grass
like, three ranked,
Closed
sheath
|
S
|
Achene
or nut
|
|
Spikelet, usually
arranged in r,p,s,u
|
|
|
Poaceae/Gramineae,
Grass
|
RARE
|
X
|
RARE
|
Round,
joined stems, with hollow internodes
|
Simple,
alternate,
Tworanked
Open
sheath
|
S
|
Grain,
caryopsis
|
|
Spikelet
Arranged in
S,r,p
|
Irregular
|
|
Muaceae,
banana
|
|
Giant
like trees
|
|
|
Very
large, alternate
|
I
|
|
|
fascicle
|
Unisexual, regular
|
FERN
ALLIES
-
dominant sporophyte generation
-
homosporous lahat
-
extension ay enations
|
|
PSILOPHYTA
|
LYCOPHYTA
( club moss)
|
SPHENOPHYTA
|
|
|
None, just rhizoids and rhizome
|
With true roots
|
Small
shrub
|
|
|
Small,
minute, one veined
|
Microphylls,
small scale like, spiral, needlelike
|
|
|
|
Dichotomous
branching
|
|
Jointed
stems with regular alternations of whorls of reduced megaphylls mistakened
for leaves
|
|
|
1.
PSILOTUM
-
upright, dichotomous branching
-
y like branching
-
sa branching, isang branch ay isang prophyll na eventually ay mag give rise
sa sporangia
|
-
parang pine ang leaves
-
blue green fern
-
heterosporous with microspores and
megaspores
-
|
EQUISETUM
-
mahal na fern allies
-
jointed ribs walang branching
-
yung whorls= reduce megaphylls
spore
at tip, localized at storobilus, strobili
|
|
|
|||
|
|
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|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
FERNS
-
moisture loving, shade tolerant,
-
alternation of generation
-
sporophyte determinant
-
sori- lump of spores
-
development of fronds is through circinnate
venation
1.
THOSE WITH TRUE INDUSIUM
-
NEPHROLETIS: tapering
-
CHRISTELLA- magandang parang xmas tree na may
wedges ang leaves
- FALSE
INDUSIUM
-
PTERIS: mas malago, mas malaki ang internode
( ladder break)
-
ADIANTUM ( Philippine maiden hair)
- UNCLASSIFIED
-
ASPLENIUM: birds nest fern
-
HEMIONITIS: apatan
-
CHEILANTHES ( diliman lip fern)
Heart
shaped- prothallus gametophyte
Uppder
part with archegonia
Down
antheridia, dot dot dot
Rhizoids
buhok buhok
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