UPD Bio 12 2nd Lab Exam Notes (Monera and Protist Diversity)

Kingdom Monera and Kingdom Protista

DIVISION	PREDOMINANT PIGMENT	ACCESSORY PIGMENTS	RESERVE FOOD	COMPONENT OF CELL WALL	HABIT	HABITAT	ASEXUAL	SEXUAL	LOCOMOTION	DISTINGUISHING FEATURE
Cyanophyta Cyanobacteria	Chlorophyll a (Photosynthetic)	Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin	Cyanophycean	Peptidoglycan	Colonial Filamentous Unicellular	Marine Freshwater Soil	none	None		Gelatinous matrix Gram-negative
Dinophyta Dinoflagellates	Xantophylls (brownish-red or pinkish-orange)	Chlorophyll a & c Fucoxanthin Carotenoids	Oils Polysaccharides	Cellulose plates	Solitary Some colonial	Marine Freshwater Blooms in warm water	Cell division Spindle outside nucleus Permanently condensed nucleus	Not all members undergo sexual reproduction	2 flagella: transverse groove and longitudinal groove	Shells of interlocking cellulose plates, some has silicates Store oils and polysaccharides
Chrysophyta Golden algae	Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll c	Fucoxanthin Carotenoids Xanthophylls	Laminarin	Silica	Solitary	Marine Freshwater	Cell division
Bacillariophyta Diatoms	Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll c	Fucoxanthin Carotenoids Xanthophylls	Chrysolaminarin Oils Carbohydrates Leucosin	Silica	Solitary Colonial/ filaments	Marine Freshwater	Cell division	Formation of sperm and eggs	Gliding	Radially or bilaterally symmetric cells Silica in shell
Euglenophyta Euglenoids	Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b	Carotenoids Xantophyll	Paramylon/ Paramylum	--no cell wall--	Solitary	Freshwater ponds and puddles that are rich in organic matter	Cell division	Not known	Two flagella	Flexible outer covering
Chlorophyta Green algae	Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b (Chloroplast, photosynthetic)	Carotenoid Xantophyll	True starch	Cellulose Some have scales rather than cell wall	Solitary Colonial Coenocytic siphonous (tubular) Filamentous	Freshwater or land	Fragmentation Cell division for unicellular	Isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy Conjugation	Most flagellated at some pt in life cycle Some nonmotile
Phaeophyta Brown algae	Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll c Fucoxanthin? (Photosynthetic)	Carotenoids Xanthophyll	Laminarin Mannitol	Cellulose Algin	Multicellular	Mostly marine	Zoospores Fragmentation of thalli	Gametes (flagellated)	2 flagella for reproductive cell	Blade Stipe Holdfast Gas-filled floats Source of iodine
Rhodophyta Red algae	Chlorophyll a  (Chloroplast)	Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin	Rhodophycean or floridean starch (similar to glycogen)	Cellulose Agar Carrageenan Calcium carbonate	Filamentous Some unicellular	Warm coastal waters of tropical oceans Freshwater Soil		Gametes (no flagella)	Nonmotile	Some are reef builders Source of vitamins a & c, and minerals Holdfast (root-like)
Myxomycota Plasmodial slime molds				Spore: Chitin and/or cellulose V:	Multinucleat	Leaf mulch Forest floor Moist soil Damp, decaying forest floors	Spores in sporangia (haplid; nuclear wall made of chitin or cellulose)	Swarm cell (flagellated) + myxamoeba	Cytoplasmic streaming Flagellated repro cells	Coenocytic Chitinous cell wall
Acrasiomycota Cellular slime molds				Spore: cellulose V: no cell wall	V: unicellular R: multicell.. slug	Moist soil	Spore formation	Observed only occasionally	Amoeboid Cytoplasmic streaming	Haploid Septate Pseudoplasmodium
Oomycota Water molds				Z: no wall V: Cellulose Cellulose, chitin, both	Coenocytic mycelium/body made of hyphae	Parasitic Aquatic Terrestrial	Zoospores (biflagellated) in zoosporangium	Oospores from zygote	Flagellated cells at some point in life cycle	Coenocytic Cellulose cell walls Diploid dominant life cycle
Chytridiomycota Chytrids				Chitin	Unicellular	Aquatic Moist soil Parasitic				Coenocytic

Kingdom Fungi

DIVISION	COMMON TYPES	HABITAT	HYPHAE/MYCELIUM	ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION	SEXUAL REPRODUCTION	PARTS
Zygomycota (Algal-like fungi/zygote fungi)	Black bread mold	Soil Decaying plant or animal matter Parasitic; sapotroph	Coenocytic zygospore Septa separates hyphae from reproductive structures	Nonmotile haploid spores called sporangiospores (zygote à meiosis à mitosis) in sporangia (spore sacs) at aerial hyphae/sporangiophore Conjugation	Zygospores protects diploid zygote (fused hyphae) Zygospore germinates to form aerial hypha	Chitinous cell wall
Ascomycota (Sac fungi)	Yeasts Powdery mildew Molds Morrels Truffles		Septate (perforated) Non-coenocytic	Conidia (asexual spores produced by mycelium) in conidiophore tips (specialized hyphae) grows into a new mycelium upon contact with food Budding for yeasts	Dikaryotic hyphae –grows from fused hyphae – forms ascocarp (fruiting body) where asci develop Diploid zygote forms within ascus à meiosis à 4 haploid à mitosis à 8 haploid develop into 8 haploid ascospores (in ascus)	Chitinous cell wall, septate
Basidiomycota (Club fungi)	Mushrooms Bracket fungi Puffballs Rusts Smuts		Septate (perforated) Non-coenocytic Monokaryotic haploid hyphae of primary mycelium Dikaryotic haploid hyphae of secondary mycelium	Conidia, if asexual stage is present	Mature basidiospore à primary mycelium (monokaryotic haploid) upon contact with environment à secondary mycelium (dikaryotic haploid) upon fusion of 2 primary à dikaryotic hyphae intertwine (buttons grow) to form basidiocarp à fusion of nuclei forms diploid zygote on gills à meiosis à 4 haploids move to edge of basidium à finger-like extensions develop à becomes 4 basidiospores	Pileus Gills Stipe Annulus Volva Chitinous cell wall, septate
Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi)	Molds Verticillium Wilt Athlete’s foot fungus			Conidia	Not observed

Kingdom Plantae

DIVISION	PREDOMINANT PIGMENT	ACCESSORY PIGMENT	HABITAT	GAMETOPHYTE (haploid)	SPOROPHYTE (diploid)	ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION	SEXUAL REPRODUCTION	DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
Bryophyta (Moss)	Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b	Xanthophyll Carotenoid	Moist environment	Dominant Leafy, green, perennial plant Protonema + gametophore Filamentous rhizoid Gametangia formed by gametophytes: F: archegonia M: antheridia	Initially green and photosynthetic (has plastids), turns golden brown at maturity Foot, seta, capsule/sporangium (calyptra, peristome) Nutritionally dependent on gametophyte, remains attached Smallest and simplest among modern plants Has stomata	Protonema from germinating moss spores produces buds with tissue-producing meristems, which generate gametophore (gamete-producing structure)		Nonvascular Dioecious Most closely related to vascular plants Lacks lignin Sphagnum produces peat (undecayed organic material)
Anthocerophyta (Liverworts)	Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b	Xanthophyll Carotenoid	Damp environment	Dominant Flattened, ribbon-like,  lobed thallus Underside: tubular, unicellular rhizoids F: archegoniophores with archegonia M: antheridiophores with antheridia	Develops from a zygote Nutritionally dependent on gametophyte, remains attached Smallest and simplest (simplest among bryophytes) among modern plants Foot, seta, capsule	Gemmae (reproductive bodies formed by gametophyte) in gemmae cups (saucer-shaped structure on thallus) Thallus branching	Archegonia and antheridia on thalli	Nonvascular Thalli resemble lobes of a liver Herbaceous
Hepatophyta (Hornworts)	Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b	Xanthophyll Carotenoid	Disturbed habitats	Dominant Superficially resembles liverworts Produces multiple sporophytes Archegonia and antheridia are embedded in gametophyte thallus Unicellular, tubular rhizoids	Needle-like Projects out of gametophyte thallus after fertilization and development Continues to grow for the remainder of gametophyte’s life, remains attached Nutritionally dependent on gametophyte Smallest and simplest among modern plants Has cuticle, stomata			Single large chloroplast in each cell Herbaceous